Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity

Al-Amin Barambu Umar; Mark Stephen Leeson

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12

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Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity

Al-Amin Barambu Umar, Mark Stephen Leeson

Published in American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 21 March 2021 Accepted: 2 June 2021 Published: 5 February 2022

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Abstract

Line-of-sight (LOS) underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) transmission may suffer blocking and are not always possible due to obstructions from sea creatures, bubbles, large suspended particles and features of the seabed, especially in coastal and turbid water environments. Thus, we present the performance of a spatially diverse non-line-of-sight (NLOS) UOWC system employing continuous phase modulation (CPM), which is shown to offer sensitivity benefits of several dBs over on–off keying (OOK) without coherent reception. We obtain the channel impulse response (CIR) by using Monte Carlo simulation, including absorption and multiple scattering. Turbulence is included by conditioning the CIR on log-normal statistics. To mitigate the resultant fading, we exploit spatial diversity with equal gain combining at the receiver side. Photon counting at the receiver is employed to accommodate shot noise. We compare the saddlepoint and Gaussian approximations for bit error rate (BER) calculations, using the latter for later calculations as it delivers excellent results and is simpler. Our results show that spatial diversity offers performance improvements, for example an 8 dB sensitivity gain at 10^-9 BER using 1 Gbps 3×1 multiple-input single-output (MISO) transmission over a 20 m link with 0.16 log-amplitude variance. We determine using an upper bound that Intersymbol Interference (ISI) has a significant impact at high bit rates, producing error floors for multiple-output arrangements.

Published in	American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12
Page(s)	15-23
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Underwater Optical Wireless Communications, Non-line of Sight Link, Multiple Input-multiple Output, Monte Carlo, Turbulence, Bit Error Rate

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APA Style

Al-Amin Barambu Umar, Mark Stephen Leeson. (2022). Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity. American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 6(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12

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ACS Style

Al-Amin Barambu Umar; Mark Stephen Leeson. Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity. Am. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2022, 6(1), 15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12

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AMA Style

Al-Amin Barambu Umar, Mark Stephen Leeson. Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity. Am J Electr Comput Eng. 2022;6(1):15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12,
  author = {Al-Amin Barambu Umar and Mark Stephen Leeson},
  title = {Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajece.20220601.12},
  abstract = {Line-of-sight (LOS) underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) transmission may suffer blocking and are not always possible due to obstructions from sea creatures, bubbles, large suspended particles and features of the seabed, especially in coastal and turbid water environments. Thus, we present the performance of a spatially diverse non-line-of-sight (NLOS) UOWC system employing continuous phase modulation (CPM), which is shown to offer sensitivity benefits of several dBs over on–off keying (OOK) without coherent reception. We obtain the channel impulse response (CIR) by using Monte Carlo simulation, including absorption and multiple scattering. Turbulence is included by conditioning the CIR on log-normal statistics. To mitigate the resultant fading, we exploit spatial diversity with equal gain combining at the receiver side. Photon counting at the receiver is employed to accommodate shot noise. We compare the saddlepoint and Gaussian approximations for bit error rate (BER) calculations, using the latter for later calculations as it delivers excellent results and is simpler. Our results show that spatial diversity offers performance improvements, for example an 8 dB sensitivity gain at 10-9 BER using 1 Gbps 3×1 multiple-input single-output (MISO) transmission over a 20 m link with 0.16 log-amplitude variance. We determine using an upper bound that Intersymbol Interference (ISI) has a significant impact at high bit rates, producing error floors for multiple-output arrangements.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity
AU  - Al-Amin Barambu Umar
AU  - Mark Stephen Leeson
Y1  - 2022/02/05
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12
T2  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
SP  - 15
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0502
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12
AB  - Line-of-sight (LOS) underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) transmission may suffer blocking and are not always possible due to obstructions from sea creatures, bubbles, large suspended particles and features of the seabed, especially in coastal and turbid water environments. Thus, we present the performance of a spatially diverse non-line-of-sight (NLOS) UOWC system employing continuous phase modulation (CPM), which is shown to offer sensitivity benefits of several dBs over on–off keying (OOK) without coherent reception. We obtain the channel impulse response (CIR) by using Monte Carlo simulation, including absorption and multiple scattering. Turbulence is included by conditioning the CIR on log-normal statistics. To mitigate the resultant fading, we exploit spatial diversity with equal gain combining at the receiver side. Photon counting at the receiver is employed to accommodate shot noise. We compare the saddlepoint and Gaussian approximations for bit error rate (BER) calculations, using the latter for later calculations as it delivers excellent results and is simpler. Our results show that spatial diversity offers performance improvements, for example an 8 dB sensitivity gain at 10-9 BER using 1 Gbps 3×1 multiple-input single-output (MISO) transmission over a 20 m link with 0.16 log-amplitude variance. We determine using an upper bound that Intersymbol Interference (ISI) has a significant impact at high bit rates, producing error floors for multiple-output arrangements.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Al-Amin Barambu Umar

School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Mark Stephen Leeson

School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

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APA Style

Al-Amin Barambu Umar, Mark Stephen Leeson. (2022). Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity. American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 6(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12

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ACS Style

Al-Amin Barambu Umar; Mark Stephen Leeson. Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity. Am. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2022, 6(1), 15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12

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AMA Style

Al-Amin Barambu Umar, Mark Stephen Leeson. Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity. Am J Electr Comput Eng. 2022;6(1):15-23. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12,
  author = {Al-Amin Barambu Umar and Mark Stephen Leeson},
  title = {Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15-23},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajece.20220601.12},
  abstract = {Line-of-sight (LOS) underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) transmission may suffer blocking and are not always possible due to obstructions from sea creatures, bubbles, large suspended particles and features of the seabed, especially in coastal and turbid water environments. Thus, we present the performance of a spatially diverse non-line-of-sight (NLOS) UOWC system employing continuous phase modulation (CPM), which is shown to offer sensitivity benefits of several dBs over on–off keying (OOK) without coherent reception. We obtain the channel impulse response (CIR) by using Monte Carlo simulation, including absorption and multiple scattering. Turbulence is included by conditioning the CIR on log-normal statistics. To mitigate the resultant fading, we exploit spatial diversity with equal gain combining at the receiver side. Photon counting at the receiver is employed to accommodate shot noise. We compare the saddlepoint and Gaussian approximations for bit error rate (BER) calculations, using the latter for later calculations as it delivers excellent results and is simpler. Our results show that spatial diversity offers performance improvements, for example an 8 dB sensitivity gain at 10-9 BER using 1 Gbps 3×1 multiple-input single-output (MISO) transmission over a 20 m link with 0.16 log-amplitude variance. We determine using an upper bound that Intersymbol Interference (ISI) has a significant impact at high bit rates, producing error floors for multiple-output arrangements.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Performance of Non-Line of Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Links with Spatial Diversity
AU  - Al-Amin Barambu Umar
AU  - Mark Stephen Leeson
Y1  - 2022/02/05
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12
T2  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
SP  - 15
EP  - 23
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0502
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20220601.12
AB  - Line-of-sight (LOS) underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) transmission may suffer blocking and are not always possible due to obstructions from sea creatures, bubbles, large suspended particles and features of the seabed, especially in coastal and turbid water environments. Thus, we present the performance of a spatially diverse non-line-of-sight (NLOS) UOWC system employing continuous phase modulation (CPM), which is shown to offer sensitivity benefits of several dBs over on–off keying (OOK) without coherent reception. We obtain the channel impulse response (CIR) by using Monte Carlo simulation, including absorption and multiple scattering. Turbulence is included by conditioning the CIR on log-normal statistics. To mitigate the resultant fading, we exploit spatial diversity with equal gain combining at the receiver side. Photon counting at the receiver is employed to accommodate shot noise. We compare the saddlepoint and Gaussian approximations for bit error rate (BER) calculations, using the latter for later calculations as it delivers excellent results and is simpler. Our results show that spatial diversity offers performance improvements, for example an 8 dB sensitivity gain at 10-9 BER using 1 Gbps 3×1 multiple-input single-output (MISO) transmission over a 20 m link with 0.16 log-amplitude variance. We determine using an upper bound that Intersymbol Interference (ISI) has a significant impact at high bit rates, producing error floors for multiple-output arrangements.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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