Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure; Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13

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Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure, Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew

Published in American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 1)

Received: 12 December 2020 Accepted: 19 December 2020 Published: 17 March 2021

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Abstract

Nigeria had maintained substantial intensification in the perspective of the mobile communication utilization, services improvement and sustainable broadband regime and this development is presumed to persist into the conceivable future with the evolution of the contemporary 6G, 5G, 4G and 3G mobile communication technologies. The current mobile communication technologies intensification had equally brought the unavoidable multiplications in the ratio of the base service stations which also had raised the public concern over the considerable health hazards of the radioactive emissions from the communication systems. Notwithstanding the assurances of the several regulatory agencies, the World Health Organization and service providers, confirming compliance and strict observance to the international exposure standards in implementation, the apprehension over the electromagnetic spectrum emission is increasing. To that effect, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) had made recommendations that established the intensities of the radio frequency (RF) exposures which are considered harmless to the community of users. This paper assessed the radio frequency radiation from mobile base stations in some selected states in north western Nigeria. The methodology employed for the study is measurement and instrumentation method. Handheld spectrum analyzer (Aaronia HF 4040V3) and a wheel meter were used for the measurement of electromagnetic emissions from selected Airtel, Glo, MTN and Etisalat base stations at capital city of Kano, Jigawa and Katsina states respectively. It was found from the study that 17 to 70mW/m² is the average electromagnetic radiation emitted in the study area, which showed total compliance of exposure limit by the GSM service providers in the selected states. The result confirmed the environmental safety level of the RF energy maintained within the general public and that are predictably low to produce any significant health hazards to human.

Published in	American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Volume 5, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13
Page(s)	14-24
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Radio Frequency, Wireless Network Transmission, GSM Base Stations, Electromagnetic Radiation, Field Measurements, and Compliance Assessment

References

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APA Style

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure, Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew. (2021). Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria. American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 5(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13

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ACS Style

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure; Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew. Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria. Am. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2021, 5(1), 14-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13

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AMA Style

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure, Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew. Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria. Am J Electr Comput Eng. 2021;5(1):14-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13,
  author = {Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure and Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew},
  title = {Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajece.20210501.13},
  abstract = {Nigeria had maintained substantial intensification in the perspective of the mobile communication utilization, services improvement and sustainable broadband regime and this development is presumed to persist into the conceivable future with the evolution of the contemporary 6G, 5G, 4G and 3G mobile communication technologies. The current mobile communication technologies intensification had equally brought the unavoidable multiplications in the ratio of the base service stations which also had raised the public concern over the considerable health hazards of the radioactive emissions from the communication systems. Notwithstanding the assurances of the several regulatory agencies, the World Health Organization and service providers, confirming compliance and strict observance to the international exposure standards in implementation, the apprehension over the electromagnetic spectrum emission is increasing. To that effect, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) had made recommendations that established the intensities of the radio frequency (RF) exposures which are considered harmless to the community of users. This paper assessed the radio frequency radiation from mobile base stations in some selected states in north western Nigeria. The methodology employed for the study is measurement and instrumentation method. Handheld spectrum analyzer (Aaronia HF 4040V3) and a wheel meter were used for the measurement of electromagnetic emissions from selected Airtel, Glo, MTN and Etisalat base stations at capital city of Kano, Jigawa and Katsina states respectively. It was found from the study that 17 to 70mW/m2 is the average electromagnetic radiation emitted in the study area, which showed total compliance of exposure limit by the GSM service providers in the selected states. The result confirmed the environmental safety level of the RF energy maintained within the general public and that are predictably low to produce any significant health hazards to human.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria
AU  - Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure
AU  - Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew
Y1  - 2021/03/17
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13
T2  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
SP  - 14
EP  - 24
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0502
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13
AB  - Nigeria had maintained substantial intensification in the perspective of the mobile communication utilization, services improvement and sustainable broadband regime and this development is presumed to persist into the conceivable future with the evolution of the contemporary 6G, 5G, 4G and 3G mobile communication technologies. The current mobile communication technologies intensification had equally brought the unavoidable multiplications in the ratio of the base service stations which also had raised the public concern over the considerable health hazards of the radioactive emissions from the communication systems. Notwithstanding the assurances of the several regulatory agencies, the World Health Organization and service providers, confirming compliance and strict observance to the international exposure standards in implementation, the apprehension over the electromagnetic spectrum emission is increasing. To that effect, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) had made recommendations that established the intensities of the radio frequency (RF) exposures which are considered harmless to the community of users. This paper assessed the radio frequency radiation from mobile base stations in some selected states in north western Nigeria. The methodology employed for the study is measurement and instrumentation method. Handheld spectrum analyzer (Aaronia HF 4040V3) and a wheel meter were used for the measurement of electromagnetic emissions from selected Airtel, Glo, MTN and Etisalat base stations at capital city of Kano, Jigawa and Katsina states respectively. It was found from the study that 17 to 70mW/m2 is the average electromagnetic radiation emitted in the study area, which showed total compliance of exposure limit by the GSM service providers in the selected states. The result confirmed the environmental safety level of the RF energy maintained within the general public and that are predictably low to produce any significant health hazards to human.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
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Author Information

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure

Electrical Electronics Engineering, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Nigeria
Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew

Computer Science, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Nigeria

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APA Style

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure, Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew. (2021). Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria. American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 5(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13

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ACS Style

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure; Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew. Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria. Am. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2021, 5(1), 14-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13

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AMA Style

Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure, Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew. Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria. Am J Electr Comput Eng. 2021;5(1):14-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13,
  author = {Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure and Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew},
  title = {Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajece.20210501.13},
  abstract = {Nigeria had maintained substantial intensification in the perspective of the mobile communication utilization, services improvement and sustainable broadband regime and this development is presumed to persist into the conceivable future with the evolution of the contemporary 6G, 5G, 4G and 3G mobile communication technologies. The current mobile communication technologies intensification had equally brought the unavoidable multiplications in the ratio of the base service stations which also had raised the public concern over the considerable health hazards of the radioactive emissions from the communication systems. Notwithstanding the assurances of the several regulatory agencies, the World Health Organization and service providers, confirming compliance and strict observance to the international exposure standards in implementation, the apprehension over the electromagnetic spectrum emission is increasing. To that effect, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) had made recommendations that established the intensities of the radio frequency (RF) exposures which are considered harmless to the community of users. This paper assessed the radio frequency radiation from mobile base stations in some selected states in north western Nigeria. The methodology employed for the study is measurement and instrumentation method. Handheld spectrum analyzer (Aaronia HF 4040V3) and a wheel meter were used for the measurement of electromagnetic emissions from selected Airtel, Glo, MTN and Etisalat base stations at capital city of Kano, Jigawa and Katsina states respectively. It was found from the study that 17 to 70mW/m2 is the average electromagnetic radiation emitted in the study area, which showed total compliance of exposure limit by the GSM service providers in the selected states. The result confirmed the environmental safety level of the RF energy maintained within the general public and that are predictably low to produce any significant health hazards to human.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) and Human Health: A Study on the Health Effect of EMR from GSM Base Stations in North-Western Nigeria
AU  - Jazuli Sanusi Kazaure
AU  - Ugochukwu Okwudili Matthew
Y1  - 2021/03/17
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13
T2  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
SP  - 14
EP  - 24
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0502
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajece.20210501.13
AB  - Nigeria had maintained substantial intensification in the perspective of the mobile communication utilization, services improvement and sustainable broadband regime and this development is presumed to persist into the conceivable future with the evolution of the contemporary 6G, 5G, 4G and 3G mobile communication technologies. The current mobile communication technologies intensification had equally brought the unavoidable multiplications in the ratio of the base service stations which also had raised the public concern over the considerable health hazards of the radioactive emissions from the communication systems. Notwithstanding the assurances of the several regulatory agencies, the World Health Organization and service providers, confirming compliance and strict observance to the international exposure standards in implementation, the apprehension over the electromagnetic spectrum emission is increasing. To that effect, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) had made recommendations that established the intensities of the radio frequency (RF) exposures which are considered harmless to the community of users. This paper assessed the radio frequency radiation from mobile base stations in some selected states in north western Nigeria. The methodology employed for the study is measurement and instrumentation method. Handheld spectrum analyzer (Aaronia HF 4040V3) and a wheel meter were used for the measurement of electromagnetic emissions from selected Airtel, Glo, MTN and Etisalat base stations at capital city of Kano, Jigawa and Katsina states respectively. It was found from the study that 17 to 70mW/m2 is the average electromagnetic radiation emitted in the study area, which showed total compliance of exposure limit by the GSM service providers in the selected states. The result confirmed the environmental safety level of the RF energy maintained within the general public and that are predictably low to produce any significant health hazards to human.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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